what is

The silicon atom has fourteen electrons, 2 of them are in the first shell, 8 of them are in the second shell, and remaining 4 are in the outer shell, so the 2 first shells are completely full, and outer shell has just 4 electrons. This atom is always looking for a way to full its outer shell to 8 electrons, and this the wonder of physics science. In order for the silicon atom to do so, it shares 4 electrons with other 4 nearby silicon atoms and create crystalline silicon. This pure crystalline silicon is electrically poor in conductivity, because there no longer be free electrons to move, that makes the solar scientist to add impurities in a form of other atoms of boron and phosphorous to solve this issue and to create free electrons with the ability to move.

The first solar collector was made in 1767 by scientist called De Saussure, it was like solar oven, afterwards, a scientist called Antoine Lavosier discovered the photo-voltaic phenomena of silicon material, in which "photo"means the light, and "voltaic"means the electricity, and that was the first start of modern solar energy which already conducted in the year 1839. And in the year 1990, we start to see many solar energy materials discovers, like copper, cadmium and others. Nowadays, the world solar panel production reached up to approximately 40MW or more per year, and the typical solar panel efficiency is approx. 16%. At the end, we still confirm that it will be promising and excited future for solar power industry.

The solar module is the basic block of building our solar photovoltaic system, we connect the solar cell together same like batteries bank system, we mean in series, and for more clarification, we connect the positive terminal of one solar cell to the negative terminal of the second solar cell, and so on, in that way the voltage and power of all solar cells will add to each other, and at the end, we got the module with a standard output voltage and power. For example, the solar cell output voltage is approx. 0.5V, so if we connect 300 solar cell in series, the module standard output voltage would be 0.5 x 300 = 150Volt.

The inverter plays an important role in the photovoltaic grid-connected system design. It can convert the solar energy into DC energy and then invert it to the single-phase AC energy that can be applied by various devices. The micro inverter technology means the technology of directly connecting inverter with single PV module. Each PV module can be equipped with an inverter that can realize AC-DC conversion and can track the maximum power point. It can directly convert the power generated by PV module into the AC energy so that it can realize AC load purpose or it can be transmitted to the power grid.

A sine wave inverter is a kind of common inverter. Sine wave inverter is a power electronic device that can convert DC (direct current) electric energy (such as power batteries, storage batteries) into AC (alternating current). The sine wave inverter outputs pure sine wave current, it is compared with a modified wave inverter. Inverter and AC-DC converter are opposite processes. AC-DC converters or power adapters rectify will convert current into direct current, while inverters will have the opposite effect. So it is get the name. As we all know, there are two kinds of electricity: one is direct current (DC), such as electricity from batteries and mobile phone chargers, and its waveform is a straight line; the other is alternating current (AC), which is 220V/110V for household use. The alternate means that its amplitude is periodic, with positive and negative changes. Sine wave is like a wave, rising and falling. Generally, the waveform of alternating current changes according to a sine function, so it is called a sine wave. The function of the sine wave inverter is to convert direct current (linear) into alternating current (sine wave).

This inverter efficiency value depends on inverter load power capacity variation, as the efficiency increases and may reach to its max value at higher load power capacity in compare to lower loading power capacity, and in condition that not going above inverter output power capacity limit. Generally, below 15% inverter loading, the efficiency will be quite low. Consequently, good matching between inverter capacity and its load capacity will enable us harvest larger efficiency, which means larger inverter ac output power for the same dc input power.

The micro-inverter technology directly combines the inverter with a single photovoltaic module to equip every photovoltaic module with an inverter module which is capable of DC-AC conversion and the MPP tracking. The inverter module can directly convert the power generated by the photovoltaic module into the AC for the AC load use or transmit it to the grid.

A frequency inverter, mainly composed of a rectifier (AC to DC), filter, inverter (DC to AC), brake unit, drive unit, detection unit, micro-processing unit, etc., is a kind of electric control equipment, that uses frequency conversion technology and microelectronic technology to control AC motor by changing the working power frequency of the motor. With the continuous improvement of industrial automation, frequency drive inverters have also been widely used. The wide application of inverters is due to their powerful functions. Inverter.com will explain the advantages of inverters to you, hoping to be helpful to you.

In the context of global sustainable development, solar energy, as a clean and renewable resource, is gradually penetrating various energy supply systems. Solar water pump systems, as a prime example of photovoltaic technology application, demonstrate significant potential and value in areas such as agricultural irrigation, livestock water supply, and household water usage, due to their efficient, environmentally friendly, and self-sufficient characteristics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the technical principles, detailed classification, broad applications, and future development trends of solar water pumps, serving as a reference for research and application in related fields.